1) The checksum is the byte that makes all the bytes from byte 8 on added together equal zero modulus 256. ("Sum of Word 8 to Word 16 equals XX00.")
2) Yes "Word" means 8 bits in this case.
3) As I remember the single value commands are sent exactly as shown
4) Fujitsu-56 is a coding method for IR signals. The single value commands are in Fujitsu-56 coding. If you remote allows you to enter codes this way these are the parameters. It is an alternate way to represent the pattern of 1s and 0s to the left of each coding.

My TSU7000 data file with these codes in it is available in the files section. You can download the free Pronto software, load my datafile into it and pull out the Phillips IR codes from it if you want.