Most X-10 installations need a coupler - you can test whether you need one if you have any 220 volt appliances such as an electric oven or clothes dryer which, when turned on, will couple the two phases.
Repeaters are suggested in houses larger than 3,000 sq ft but when I installed one in my 1800 sq ft house I got much better X-10 performance.
Also, some devices such as computers, some TV sets, and things with electric motors can put noise on the power line and may need a filter for better X-10 reliability.
I think there is discussion about these matters in a few articles by Uncle Phil (Phil Kingerly) at
www.hometoys.com.
Btw, some folks have reported problems with the new coupler/repeater from Leviton in the comp.home.automation news group.
Cheers, Jim.